The satin bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus) is a bowerbird endemic to eastern Australia.

A rare natural intergeneric hybrid between the satin bowerbird and the regent bowerbird is known as Rawnsley's bowerbird.

Description


Courtship Edit


A male building the bower
Like all bowerbirds, the satin bowerbird shows highly complex courtship behaviour. Mate choice in satin bowerbirds has been studied in detail by a group of researchers at the University of Maryland, College Park.[7] Males build specialized stick structures, called bowers, which they decorate with blue, yellow, and shiny objects if these are available, including berries, flowers, and even ballpoint pens, drinking straws and other discarded plastic items like clothes pegs. As the males mature they use more blue objects than other colours. Females visit these and choose which male they will allow to mate with them. In addition to building their bowers, males carry out intense behavioural displays called dances to woo their mates, but these can be treated as threat displays by the females. Nestbuilding and incubation are carried out by the females alone.

File:Satin Bowerbird cunninghams.oggPlay media
Courtship at Cunninghams Gap in south-east Queensland
Recent research has shown that female mate choice takes place in three stages:

Visits to the bowers, before nests have been built, while the males are absent
Visits to the bowers, before nests have been built, while the males are present and displaying
Visits to a selection of the bowers, after nests have been built, leading to copulation with (typically) a single male.
Experimental manipulations of the ornaments around the bowers have shown that the choices of young females (those in their first or second year of breeding) are mainly influenced by the appearance of the bowers, and hence by the first stage of this process. Older females, which are less affected by the threatening aspect of the males' displays, make their choices more on the basis of the males' dancing displays. It has been hypothesized that as males mature their colour discrimination develops and they are able to select more blue objects for the bower. It is not yet known whether this description would also hold true for other species of bowerbird.

A urinal (pronounced US /ˈjʊərɪnəl/ or UK /jʊˈraɪnəl/) is a sanitary plumbing fixture for urination only, predominantly used by males. It can take the form of a container or simply a wall, with drainage and automatic or manual flushing, or without flush water as is the case for waterless urinals.

The different types of urinals, be it for single users or as trough designs for multiple users, are intended to be utilized from a standing position (rather than squatting or sitting). The term may also apply to a small building or other structure containing such fixtures. It can also refer to a small container in which urine can be collected for medical analysis, or for use where access to toilet facilities is not possible, such as in small aircraft, during extended stakeouts, or for the bedridden.

While urinals are generally intended for use by males, it is also possible for females to use them. Designers of urinals for women have adopted various approaches: some intending the user to "hover" over the unit, facing away from it, others intending the user to stand facing the urinal, with or without a female urination device. While uncommon due to restroom segregation, it is possible for
females to use male urinals.[1]

أجمل التحايا للجميع وكل عام وأنتم بألف خير ...:GV^:

ماهي الا أيام ويحل علينا شهر الرحمة والمغفرة شهر رمضان ..في شهر رمضان تتنوع الموائد الرمضانية من مقالي وزيوت ودهون وسكريات و و الخ

هالمتصفح راح يكون خاص للآكل الصحي والحمية والرجيم والمشربات الصحية خالية من السكريات الكل يشارك بــ تجاربه وخططه (( الإلتهامية )) في رمضان

و ماشاءلله المنتدي يضم اعضاء من مختلف المناطق السعودية والعربية والخليجية :biggrin:

ياســعد عيني يوم جابتكـ الاقدار**

صدفه وفيها داخل القلب حليت**

دنياي قبلكـ مظلمه مابها انوار**

وزال الظلام بجيتكـ يوم هليت**

مثــل القمر لك تجذب كل الانظار**

غصـــب عليا لاحكــو فيكـ فزيـــت!**


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